Continuous-Flow Oxygen System
Continuous-flow oxygen systems are usually provided for passengers. The passenger mask typically has a reservoir bag, which collects oxygen from the continuous-flow oxygen system during the time when…
Cannula
A cannula is an ergonomic piece of plastic tubing which runs under the nose and is often used to administer oxygen in non-pressurized aircraft. [Figure 6-44] Cannulas are typically more comfortable t…
Oxygen Masks
There are numerous types and designs of oxygen masks in use. The most important factor in oxygen mask use is to insure the masks and oxygen system are compatible. Crew masks are fitted to the user’s…
Brakes
Airplane brakes are located on the main wheels and are applied by either a hand control or by foot pedals (toe or heel). Foot pedals operate independently and allow for differential braking. During g…
Fixed and Retractable Landing Gear
Landing gear can also be classified as either fixed or retractable. A fixed gear always remains extended and has the advantage of simplicity combined with low maintenance. A retractable gear is desi…
Tailwheel Landing Gear Airplanes
Tailwheel landing gear aircraft have two main wheels attached to the airframe ahead of its CG that support most of the weight of the structure. A…
Parachute Rigger Regulatory Compliance
As with other airman certificates, there are additional parts of 14 CFR that are of direct concern to the parachute rigger in addition to those alr…
Fuel Gauges
The fuel quantity gauges indicate the amount of fuel measured by a sensing unit in each fuel tank and is displayed in gallons or pounds. Aircraft certification rules require accuracy in fuel gauges o…
14 CFR PART 105 SUBPART C— PARACHUTE EQUIPMENT AND PACKING
This part deals with the use of parachutes in the United States. The following areas are of interest to parachute riggers: Main parachutes used fo…
14 CFR PART 39—AIRWORTHINESS DIRECTIVES
This part specifically deals with Airworthiness Directives (ADs). An AD is an amendment to the Code of Federal Regulations. An AD must be complied…
14 CFR PART 91—GENERAL OPERATING AND FLIGHT RULES
Section 91.307 deals with parachutes and parachuting. This section defines an "approved parachute" and states the repack time for parachute…
How to Choose a Certificated Flight Instructor (CFI)
Whether an individual chooses to train under 14 CFR part 141 or part 61, the key to an effective flight program is the quality of the ground and flig…
14 CFR PART 21 SUBPART O—TECHNICAL STANDARD ORDERS (TSO)
A Technical Standard Order (TSO) is issued by the Administrator and is a minimum performance standard for specified articles, such as parachutes. It…
Becoming a Pilot - aeronautical airplane engineering
The course of instruction a student pilot follows depends on the type of certificate sought. It should include the ground and flight training necess…
How to Find a Reputable Flight Program
To obtain information about pilot training, contact the local FSDO, which maintains a current file on all schools within its district. The choice of…
When and Where to Take Pilot Examination
When to Take the Examination The knowledge test is more meaningful to the applicant and more likely to result in a satisfactory grade if it is tak…
BASIC CONCEPTS OF STABILITY
The flightpaths and attitudes in which an airplane can fly are limited only by the aerodynamic characteristics of the airplane, its propulsive system, and its structural strength. These limitations …
Operation Principle of Vertical Speed Indicator
Vertical Speed Indicator (VSI) is an instrument that uses static pressure to display a rate of climb or descent in feet per minute. The VSI can als…
Alternate Means of Qualifying for A Parachute Rigger Certificate
Active duty military personnel and civilian personnel, who work for the military as parachute riggers, may qualify for a senior parachute rigger cer…
Eligibility and Requirements
To be eligible for a parachute rigger certificate issued by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), individuals must be at least 18 years of age; be able to read, write, speak, and understand the…
Fuel Tanks
The fuel tanks, normally located inside the wings of an airplane, have a filler opening on top of the wing through which they can be filled. A filler cap covers this opening. The tanks are vented to…
Fuel Contamination
Accidents attributed to powerplant failure from fuel contamination have often been traced to: Inadequate preflight inspection by the pilot. Servicing aircraft with improperly filtered fuel from…
Fuel-Pump System
Aircraft with fuel-pump systems have two fuel pumps. The main pump system is engine driven with an electrically driven auxiliary pump provided for use in engine starting and in the event the engine…
Gravity-Feed System
The gravity-feed system utilizes the force of gravity to transferthe fuel from the tanks to the engine. For example, on high-wing airplanes, the fuel tanks are installed in the wings. This places t…
Engine Temperature Limitations
The highest temperature in any turbine engine occurs at the turbine inlet. Turbine inlet temperature is therefore usually the limiting factor in turbine engine operation.
Fuel Systems
The fuel system is designed to provide an uninterrupted flow of clean fuel from the fuel tanks to the engine. The fuel must be available to the engine under all conditions of engine power, altit…
Turbine Engine Operational Considerations
The great variety of turbine engines makes it impractical to cover specific operational procedures, but there are certain operational considerations…
Tricycle Landing Gear Airplanes
A tricycle gear airplane has three advantages: Note on the reduction of landing distance by the use of the tricycle undercarriage, (A.R.C. technical…
Aircraft Landing Gear
The landing gear forms the principal support of an aircraft on the surface. The most common type of landing gear consists of wheels, but aircraft can also be equipped with floats for water operation…
Refueling Procedures
Static electricity is formed by the friction of air passing over the surfaces of an aircraft in flight and by the flow of fuel through the hose and nozzle during refueling. Nylon, Dacron, or woo…
Hydraulic Systems
There are multiple applications for hydraulic use in aircraft, depending on the complexity of the aircraft. For example, hydraulics is often used on small airplanes to operate wheel brakes, retrac…
Fuel Selectors
The fuel selector valve allows selection of fuel from various tanks. A common type of selector valve contains four positions: LEFT, RIGHT, BOTH, and OFF. Selecting the LEFT or RIGHT position allows …
N2 Indicator
N2 represents the rotational speed of the high pressure compressor and is presented on the indicator as a percentage of design rpm. The high pressure compressor is governed by the N2 turbine wheel. …
N1 Indicator
N1 represents the rotational speed of the low pressure compressor and is presented on the indicator as a percentage of design rpm. After start the speed of the low pressure compressor is governed by…
Engine Pressure Ratio (EPR)
An engine pressure ratio (EPR) gauge is used to indicate the power output of a turbojet/turbofan engine. EPR is the ratio of turbine discharge to compressor inlet pressure. Pressure measurements ar…
Aircraft Weight and Balance Control
There are many factors that lead to efficient and safe operation of aircraft. Among these vital factors is proper weight and balance control. The weight and balance system commonly employed among ai…
Aircraft Weight Control
Weight is a major factor in airplane construction and operation, and it demands respect from all pilots and particular diligence by all A&P mechanics and repairmen. Excessive weight reduces th…
SCUBA DIVING
Scuba diving subjects the body to increased pressure, which allows more nitrogen to dissolve in body tissues and fluids. The reduction of atmospheric pressure that accompanies flying can produ…
Turbine Engine Hot or Hung Start
When the EGT exceeds the safe limit of an aircraft, it experiences a “hot start.” It is caused by too much fuel entering the combustion chamber, or insufficient turbine rpm. Any time an engine has a…
CARBON MONOXIDE POISONING
Carbon monoxide (CO) is a colorless and odorless gas produced by all internal combustion engines. Since it attaches itself to the hemoglobin in the blood about 200 times more easily than oxygen, car…
Aircraft Major Components Structure
Aircraft —A device that is used for flight in the air. Airplane —An engine-driven, fixed-wing aircraft heavier than air that is supported in flight by the dynamic reaction of air against its w…
Airplane Attitude Instrument Flying
Introduction Attitude instrument flying may be defined as the control of an aircraft's spatial position by using instruments rather than outside visual references. …
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Becoming a Pilot - aeronautical airplane engineeringThe course of instruction a student pilot follows depends on the type of certificate sought. It sh… -
Adjustable StabilizerRather than using a movable tab on the trailing edge of the elevator, some aircraft have an adjusta…
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14 CFR PART 21 SUBPART O—TECHNICAL STANDARD ORDERS (TSO)A Technical Standard Order (TSO) is issued by the Administrator and is a minimum performance stand…
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Rate of Turn (ROT)The rate of turn (ROT) is the number of degrees (expressed in degrees per second) of heading change…
